{"id":9312,"date":"2026-02-02T11:24:03","date_gmt":"2026-02-02T03:24:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/applications\/trouser-tear-test\/"},"modified":"2026-03-16T16:24:19","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T08:24:19","slug":"trouser-tear-test","status":"publish","type":"applications","link":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/el\/applications\/trouser-tear-test\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u039f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/el\/standard\/astm-d1938\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong data-start=\"510\" data-end=\"524\">ASTM D1938<\/strong><\/a> \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <strong data-start=\"581\" data-end=\"612\">\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong> \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd. \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c9\u03c2 <strong data-start=\"671\" data-end=\"692\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong>, \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c1\u03c9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 <strong data-start=\"908\" data-end=\"930\">\u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03ae\u03be\u03b7\u03c2<\/strong>, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd. \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ce\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f <strong data-start=\"1258\" data-end=\"1279\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong> \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf-\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd. \u039f\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u0397 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <strong data-start=\"1572\" data-end=\"1606\">\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f <strong data-start=\"1613\" data-end=\"1644\">\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae ASTM D1938<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong data-start=\"1887\" data-end=\"1912\">\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong data-start=\"1916\" data-end=\"1940\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong>: \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ae \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong data-start=\"2116\" data-end=\"2146\">\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong>: \u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8' \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong data-start=\"2289\" data-end=\"2305\">\u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong>: \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5-\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <strong data-start=\"2400\" data-end=\"2431\">\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong>, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong data-start=\"2512\" data-end=\"2544\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong data-start=\"2547\" data-end=\"2565\">\u03a0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bc<\/strong>: \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong data-start=\"2625\" data-end=\"2649\">\u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03a5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong>: \u039f \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong data-start=\"2738\" data-end=\"2757\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2<\/strong>: \u0397 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b3\u03b9' \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 (23 \u00b1 2\u00b0C \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 50 \u00b1 10% \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f <strong data-start=\"2966\" data-end=\"2987\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong> \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 1 mm \u03ae \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong data-start=\"3117\" data-end=\"3139\">\u0392\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03a3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong>: \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <strong data-start=\"3157\" data-end=\"3192\">\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2<\/strong> \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong data-start=\"3225\" data-end=\"3243\">\u0399\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong>: \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong data-start=\"3336\" data-end=\"3356\">\u039a\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cb\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1<\/strong>: \u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd <strong data-start=\"3501\" data-end=\"3518\">\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f <strong data-start=\"3684\" data-end=\"3704\">\u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong> \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c8\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf <strong data-start=\"3839\" data-end=\"3870\">\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong> \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf <strong data-start=\"3976\" data-end=\"3993\">\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 ASTM D1938 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7. <strong data-start=\"4445\" data-end=\"4459\">ASTM D1938<\/strong> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong data-start=\"4763\" data-end=\"4805\">\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong data-start=\"4808\" data-end=\"4849\">\u0391\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong>: \u0392\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd <strong data-start=\"4883\" data-end=\"4914\">\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong> \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong data-start=\"4941\" data-end=\"4973\">\u0392\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong>: \u0392\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong data-start=\"5092\" data-end=\"5120\">\u0392\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong>: \u0395\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Q1: \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd (ASTM D1938);<br>\u039f <strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong>, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc <strong>ASTM D1938<\/strong>, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <strong>\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong> \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd. \u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 1 mm \u03ae \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf. \u0392\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <strong>\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong>, \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Q2: \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd (ASTM D1938);<br>\u039f <strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd (ASTM D1938)<\/strong> \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae <strong>\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <strong>\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf<\/strong> \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 1 mm \u03ae \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 <strong>\u03c5\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b7<\/strong>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9<strong> \u03c5\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b1\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong>. \u0397 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Q3: \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd ASTM D1938; \u0394\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd ASTM D1938:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u03a0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong>: \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03a5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong>: \u039f \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2<\/strong>: \u0397 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 (23 \u00b1 2\u00b0C \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 50 \u00b1 10% \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u03a4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2<\/strong>: \u0397 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Q4: \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf ASTM D1938 Trouser Tear Test;<br>\u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd ASTM D1938 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u03a3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1<\/strong>: \u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0399\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2<\/strong>: \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u039a\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cb\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1<\/strong>: \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c5\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u03a4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac<\/strong>: \u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f <strong data-start=\"5823\" data-end=\"5844\">\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong> \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc <strong data-start=\"5856\" data-end=\"5870\"><a href=\"https:\/\/store.astm.org\/d1938-19.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">ASTM D1938<\/a><\/strong> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <strong data-start=\"5913\" data-end=\"5944\">\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong> \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cb\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 <strong data-start=\"6171\" data-end=\"6191\">\u039a\u03c5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1<\/strong> \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The ASTM D1938 test method is an essential standard for evaluating the tear propagation resistance of plastic films and thin sheeting. Commonly known as the trouser tear test, this method is used to measure the force required to propagate a tear in plastic materials, providing valuable insight into their durability and performance under stress. This [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":8761,"parent":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}}},"class_list":["post-9312","applications","type-applications","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/applications\/9312","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/applications"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/applications"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8761"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9312"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}