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\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 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class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u0395\u03c5\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u039c\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u039c\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2, 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\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039c\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc, \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03bf \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7. \u039f \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc PLC \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">IV. \u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ae \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2. \u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae, \u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03af \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a style=\"transition-property: all;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/d2063_d2063m-10r18.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ASTM D2063<\/a>: \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a style=\"transition-property: all;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/d3198-97r02.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ASTM D3198<\/a>: \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a style=\"transition-property: all;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/d3474-90r18.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">ASTM D3474<\/a>: \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GB\/T 17876: \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BB\/T 0025 &amp; BB\/T 0034: \u0395\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">VI. \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>\u0395\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2<\/td><td>10 Nm (\u03ae \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0391\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1<\/td><td>1% FS<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u03a8\u03ae\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1<\/td><td>0,001 Nm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0395\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1<\/td><td>\u03a65mm~\u03c6170mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u03a4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 AC<\/td><td>110~220V<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03951: \u03a3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd;<br>\n\u0391: \u039f \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c6\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03952: \u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd;<br>\n\u0391: \u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03953: \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd;<br>\n\u0391: \u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03954: \u039c\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u039c\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd;<br>\n\u0391: \u039f \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd ASTM D2063, ASTM D3198, ASTM D3474, GB\/T 17876 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 BB\/T 0025 &amp; BB\/T 0034.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03955: \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2;<br> \u0391: \u039d\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bf \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u039f \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c6\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 PET, \u03c3\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":4896,"parent":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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