{"id":9873,"date":"2026-02-24T15:11:46","date_gmt":"2026-02-24T07:11:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/standard\/astm-d4991-2\/"},"modified":"2026-03-12T11:03:27","modified_gmt":"2026-03-12T03:03:27","slug":"astm-d4991","status":"publish","type":"standard","link":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/el\/standard\/astm-d4991\/","title":{"rendered":"ASTM D4991"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03c4\u03bf ASTM D4991 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf ASTM D4991 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0397\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 ICAO. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf ASTM D4991, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ASTM D4991 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf ASTM D4991 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <strong data-start=\"1954\" data-end=\"1983\">\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/strong> \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7. \u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p data-start=\"2236\" data-end=\"2285\">\u039a\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p data-start=\"2236\" data-end=\"2285\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">\u03a3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd<\/span><\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p data-start=\"2236\" data-end=\"2285\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">\u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1<\/span><\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae ASTM D4991 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 95 kPa \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f <strong data-start=\"2708\" data-end=\"2735\">\u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong> \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf ASTM D4991 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03b2\u03cd\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <strong data-start=\"2779\" data-end=\"2804\">\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong> \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd, \u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p data-start=\"3061\" data-end=\"3104\"><strong data-start=\"3061\" data-end=\"3091\">\u0386\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong> \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p data-start=\"3061\" data-end=\"3104\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">\u03a3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03bd<\/span><\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p data-start=\"3061\" data-end=\"3104\">\u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf ASTM D4991<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf ASTM D4991:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><p data-start=\"3563\" data-end=\"3748\"><strong data-start=\"3563\" data-end=\"3585\">\u0392\u03cd\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong><br>\u03a4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2-\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd. \u0391\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ae\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u03a3\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<br><\/strong>\u039a\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5. \u0391\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03be\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b2\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b2\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p data-start=\"3563\" data-end=\"3748\"><\/p><p data-start=\"3563\" data-end=\"3748\"><\/p><p data-start=\"3924\" data-end=\"4090\"><strong data-start=\"3924\" data-end=\"3946\">\u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong><br>\u0391\u03c5\u03be\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 95 kPa. \u0395\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p data-start=\"4095\" data-end=\"4301\"><strong data-start=\"4095\" data-end=\"4115\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2<\/strong><br>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03cd\u03be\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1.<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p data-start=\"4306\" data-end=\"4464\"><strong data-start=\"4306\" data-end=\"4331\">\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong><br>\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 10 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 30 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac.<\/p><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><p data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4670\"><strong data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4504\">\u0391\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong><br>\u0391\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 30 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u0391\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd ASTM D4991 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 ASTM D4991 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ae \u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 <strong data-start=\"5646\" data-end=\"5678\">\u039a\u03c5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/el\/product\/lt-03-bubble-leak-test-equipment\/\"> \u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03bd<\/a><\/strong> \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c8\u03b7<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf ASTM D4991 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf ASTM D4991 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03b2\u03c9\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 ASTM D4991;<br>\u03a4\u03bf ASTM D4991 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 <strong data-start=\"1582\" data-end=\"1603\">95 kPa (13,8 psi)<\/strong>. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2;<br>\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 <strong data-start=\"1767\" data-end=\"1812\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong> \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd. \u039f\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a0\u03cc\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae ASTM D4991;<br>\u0395\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 <strong data-start=\"2147\" data-end=\"2190\">\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/strong>. \u0397 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a tabindex=\"0\">\u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/store.astm.org\/d4991-25.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">ASTM D4991<\/a> \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2;<br>\u039d\u03b1\u03b9. \u03a4\u03bf ASTM D4991 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 <strong data-start=\"2436\" data-end=\"2467\">\u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 ICAO<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <strong data-start=\"2472\" data-end=\"2530\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039f\u0397\u0395 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong>, \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 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