{"id":10305,"date":"2026-04-22T16:23:36","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T08:23:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/?post_type=standard&#038;p=10305"},"modified":"2026-04-22T16:23:37","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T08:23:37","slug":"astm-d2732","status":"publish","type":"standard","link":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/vi\/standard\/astm-d2732\/","title":{"rendered":"Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTMD2732"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM D2732 l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTMD2732<\/strong> quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 <strong>\u0111\u1ed9 co ng\u00f3t nhi\u1ec7t tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/strong> c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea5m nh\u1ef1a (\u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y \u22640,76 mm). Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 co r\u00fat c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao <strong>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0ng\u2014ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f9n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng\u2014<strong>c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/strong>. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia nhi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m \u0111i, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng co ng\u00f3t k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a bao b\u00ec<\/strong> (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u00e0ng co, nh\u00e3n)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec7m trong bao b\u00ec y t\u1ebf<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM D2732 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khung quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 co ng\u00f3t \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (QC) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n gia c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed co ng\u00f3t do nhi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c <strong>ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed co ng\u00f3t do nhi\u1ec7t<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM D2732 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac nhi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf:<\/strong> M\u1eabu th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i co l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t:<\/strong> M\u1eabu th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 co ng\u00f3t t\u1ed1i \u0111a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng hai chi\u1ec1u:<\/strong> T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 co ng\u00f3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai <strong>H\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e1y (MD)<\/strong> V\u00e0 <strong>h\u01b0\u1edbng ngang (TD)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed9 co ng\u00f3t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1\u2014n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i <strong>\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong co ng\u00f3t<\/strong>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 co ng\u00f3t<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a <strong>Quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 co ng\u00f3t<\/strong> \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1eabu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C\u1eaft <strong>M\u1eabu c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc 100 mm \u00d7 100 mm<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t <strong>hai m\u1eabu cho m\u1ed7i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n, h\u00e3y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u theo h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e1y<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m tra<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0110\u1eb7t m\u1eabu v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t <strong>Gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 co gi\u00e3n mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ghi l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eafm tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u00e2m m\u00ecnh<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ng\u00e2m m\u1eabu trong <strong>kho\u1ea3ng 10 gi\u00e2y<\/strong> (ho\u1eb7c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chuy\u1ec3n ngay sang m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0110o k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Nh\u1eefng l\u01b0u \u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng m\u1eabu tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u00e2m<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eabu b\u1ecb k\u00e9o gi\u00e3n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9 co ng\u00f3t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mi>S<\/mi><mi>h<\/mi><mi>r<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><mi>n<\/mi><mi>k<\/mi><mi>a<\/mi><mi>g<\/mi><mi>e<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">%<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mo>=<\/mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>L<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mo>\u2212<\/mo><msub><mi>L<\/mi><mi>f<\/mi><\/msub><\/mrow><msub><mi>L<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><\/mfrac><mo>\u00d7<\/mo><mn>100<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 co ng\u00f3t(\\%) = \\frac{L_0 \u2013 L_f}{L_0} \\times 100<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 co ng\u00f3t (%) = L0 \u2212 Lf \u00d7 100<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u01a1i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>L<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">L_0<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>L0: Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i ban \u0111\u1ea7u (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 100 mm)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>L<\/mi><mi>f<\/mi><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">L_f<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>Lf: Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng sau khi co ng\u00f3t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p <strong>t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 co ng\u00f3t theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i<\/strong>, m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">M\u00e1y ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 co ng\u00f3t m\u00e0ng co kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n phim: N\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed8T <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/vi\/products\/fst-01-film-shrinkage-tester\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"products\" data-id=\"9536\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">m\u00e1y ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 co ng\u00f3t kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u00e0ng b\u1ecdc<\/a><\/strong> l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM D2732 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao. So v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng mang l\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (\u00b10,3\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L\u00e0m n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng qua m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ecfng<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Th\u1eddi gian ng\u00e2m c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5, <strong>D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o <a href=\"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/vi\/products\/fst-01-film-shrinkage-tester\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">M\u00e1y ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 co r\u00fat kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng m\u00e0ng FST-01<\/a><\/strong> gi\u00fap c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n co ng\u00f3t trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u1ea1o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u co ng\u00f3t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh g\u00e2y ra<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00f3 <strong>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng PID v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/strong> \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM D2732 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM D2732<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i polymer kh\u00e1c nhau (PET, PVC, PE) th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh co ng\u00f3t kh\u00e1c nhau do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft tinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u1eed l\u00fd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 k\u00e9o m\u00e0ng, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ee7 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn <strong>m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t d\u01b0<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cho th\u1ea5y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>S\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh co ng\u00f3t<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0110i\u1ec3m co ng\u00f3t t\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u00e0nh vi chuy\u1ec3n pha nhi\u1ec7t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u00e0ng d\u00e0y h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian ng\u00e2m l\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM D2732?<br>M\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea5m nh\u1ef1a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y \u22640,76 mm, bao g\u1ed3m PET, PE, PVC v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. T\u1ea1i sao hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng co ng\u00f3t kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng?<br>N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh h\u00e0nh vi v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, gi\u00fap <strong>\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh co ng\u00f3t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. M\u1eabu n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e2m trong bao l\u00e2u?<br>Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 10 gi\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u00e0y h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh co r\u00fat di\u1ec5n ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9 co ng\u00f3t MD v\u00e0 TD l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<br>MD (h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e1y) song song v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0ng, trong khi TD vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3 \u2014 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 <a href=\"https:\/\/store.astm.org\/d2732-14r25.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTMD2732<\/a> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh co ng\u00f3t b\u1eb1ng dung m\u00f4i?<br>Kh\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 co ng\u00f3t do m\u1ea5t dung m\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM D2732 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 co ng\u00f3t nhi\u1ec7t tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng nh\u1ef1a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc sau khi gia nhi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":10306,"parent":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}}},"standard-category":[],"class_list":["post-10305","standard","type-standard","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/standard\/10305","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/standard"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/standard"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10306"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10305"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"standard-category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.packqc.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/standard-category?post=10305"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}